Bibliography - Skill Development in India
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The Statue of Unity is the tallest statue in the world at a height of 182 metres and was built near Kevadia in the Indian state of Gujarat. It depicts the Indian statesman and independence activist Vallabhbhai Patel, who was the first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister of independent India and a follower of Mahatma Gandhi. Read more: State of Unity Guide (2023): Statue of Unity Cost, Height & Construction, https://statueofunity.guide/cost-height-construction.html .
Cognition simply refers to thinking. Cognition is the mental activity or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience and the senses. Cognitive processes use existing knowledge and discover new knowledge. Read more: Oxford University Press and Dictionary (2020): Cognition.
Hindu God Brahma is revered for ‘Creation’. The Brahma Temple in Pushkar, Rajasthan (also known as the Jagatpita Brahma Mandir), is one of the few existing temples in India dedicated to Brahma, and remains the most significant of them all. Read more: Government of India (n.y.): Rajasthan Tourism, https://web.archive.org/web/20100103131328/http://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in/Destinations/AjmerPushkar/Brahma-Temple.aspx.
In August 2023, India became the first country to land a lunar mission near the Moon's south pole via its Chandrayaan-3 mission. Read more: Indian Space Research Organisation (2023): Chandrayaan-3 Details, https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_Details.html .
An ongoing outbreak of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) has affected many states in India since May 2022. LSD is a contagious animal disease caused by the Capri pox virus that spreads among cattle. Read more: Mathivanan, E., Raju, K. and Murugan, R. (2023): Outbreak of Lumpy skin disease in India 2022- an emerging threat to livestock & livelihoods. Global Biosecurity, 5(1), p.null.DOI: https://doi.org/10.31646/gbio.187.
Interpersonal cognition in the sense of processes by which people understand their interpersonal experiences. It can also be defined as cognitive, affective, and motivational processes directed at or shaped by close others. Read more: Baldwin, M. W. (Ed.). (2005). Interpersonal cognition. The Guilford Press.https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2005-08749-000 ; Fitzsimons, Gráinne M., and Joanna Anderson, 'Interpersonal Cognition: Seeking, Understanding, and Maintaining Relationships', in Donal Carlston (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Social Cognition, Oxford Library of Psychology (2013; online edn, Oxford Academic, 1 Oct. 2013), https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199730018.013.0029, accessed 27 Oct. 2023.
Read reports here; https://nsdcindia.org/nsdcreports ; https://nsdcindia.org/industry-reports
For Education and Skill Development Sector https://nsdcindia.org/sites/default/files/Education-Skill-Development.pdf
For Agriculture Sector https://nsdcindia.org/sites/default/files/Agriculture.pdf
Latest data from the India Skills Report 2021 by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), Wheebox, UNDP, AICTE, https://indiaeducationforum.org/pdf/ISR-2021.pdf.
The Global Skill Gap Study 2020 conducted in-depth analysis of the global labour markets with a prime focus on leveraging opportunities for the benefit of the Indian labour force. This study focuses on 15 countries identified via an analysis of Global Migration Attractiveness and Indian Migrant Attractiveness Indices. Read more: NSDC (2020), Global Skill Gap Report: Assessing Overseas Opportunities for Skilled Manpower from India, https://skillsip.nsdcindia.org/sites/default/files/kps-document/Global%20Skill%20Gap%20Report%2021April2020.pdf.
The National Skills Qualifications Framework (NSQF) organizes qualifications according to a series of levels of knowledge, skills and aptitude. NSQF is a nationally integrated education and competency-based framework that enables persons to acquire desired competency levels. Read more about NSQF (December 2013) https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NSQF%20NOTIFICATION.pdf
You can possibly take an example of the methodology in this report, where skill gap analysis is drawn for the electronics and IT industry to create a Skill Level Pyramid. NSDC engaged IMaCS (ICRA Management Consulting Services Limited) to prepare this report, which is based on independent research and analysis done by IMaCS. Read more: NSDC (2022): Skill Gap Analysis Report for Electronics and IT hardware Industry. Report on Human Resource and Skill Requirements in Electronics and IT hardware Sector, https://www.meity.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Electronics_IT_Hardware_NSDC_Report_1732011%20%281%29.pdf.
Read more: Government of India (2023): Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, Annual Report 2022-23, https://www.msde.gov.in/en/reports-documents/annual-reports .
‘’The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted the Indian economy. Both demand and supply-side interventions have been disrupted. The pandemic has resulted in the loss of a significant number of days of training during Year 4 of project implementation. Dwindling industrial demand for labor is expected to remain a concern over the coming months. The changing nature of work in this pandemic situation and beyond will disrupt markets, requiring resources to be reallocated to support efforts towards rebuilding the economy while constantly re-aligning the training ecosystem to meet the fast-evolving market demands. This is bound to reflect in the Year 4 target for DLI-1 (training of trainees), and Year 4 and 5 targets for DLI-2 (placements).’’ Comments from Implementation Status & Results Report on Skill India Mission Operation, World Bank, (P158435, June 2020), Read more: https://sankalp.msde.gov.in/#/web/resources/wb_doc
‘’Workers in vulnerable employment are the least likely to have formal work arrangements, social protection, and safety nets to guard against economic shocks; thus they are more likely to fall into poverty. Vulnerable employment among women is 77.3% and among men is 72.9% in India for 2021.’’, Read more: World Bank (2021): Gender Data Portal. India, https://genderdata.worldbank.org/countries/india/
Read more: International Labour Organization (2020): State of Skills: India, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---ifp_skills/documents/genericdocument/wcms_742201.pdf.
Read more: Confederation of Indian Industry (2023): India Skill Report 2023.
NSDC was set up by Ministry of Finance as Public Private Partnership (PPP) model. The Government of India through Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE) holds 49% of the share capital of NSDC, while the private sector has the balance 51% of the share capital.
The University Grants Commission (UGC) came into existence on December 28, 1953 and became a statutory Organisation of the Government of India by an Act of Parliament in 1956, for the coordination, determination and maintenance of standards of teaching, examination and research in university education. Read more: Government of India (1956): The University Grants Commission Act, 1956, https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/ugc_act.pdf. The All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) was set up in 1945 as an advisory body and later on in 1987 given statutory status by an Act of Parliament. The AICTE grants approval for starting new technical institutions, for the introduction of new courses and for variation in intake capacity in technical institutions. Read more: Department of Higher Education (2023): All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE).
The vocational training model often emphasizes experiential or real-world experiences and practical skills over theoretical knowledge. This model includes programs like apprenticeships or fellowships, where trainees gain self-sufficiency to enhance their employability.
Read more: Government of India, Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (2020): National Skill Developmet Cooperation, https://www.msde.gov.in/en/organizations/nsdc .
Read more: NSDC (2022): Annual Board Report (2021-22), https://nsdcindia.org/sites/default/files/files/Board-Report-2021-22.pdf.
NSDC provides training partners (TP) with soft loans covering up to 85% of the total project investment (the remaining part is invested in the form of equity by the TP) to cover related expenses. Read more: NSDC (2022): Overview, https://nsdcindia.org/partners .
The following training partners have defaulted in making repayments as per the Funding Agreement entered into by them with NSDC, Read more: NSDC (n.y.): Debt Service Defaulters, https://nsdcindia.org/partners/defaulters .
Read more: NSDC (n.y.): Skill Reports, https://nsdcindia.org/nsdcreports .
Skill development is provided through the PM Kaushal Vikas Yojna (PMKVY), Jan Shiksa Sansthan, the Artisan Training Programme (ITI), and the National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme, as well as the fee-based, private demand model of the National Skill Development Corporation. Read more: NITI Aayog (2023): Niti Policy Paper.Bharatiya Model of Inclusive Development, https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-06/NITI_policy-paper_BMID_2023-May.pdf.
Atal aims to develop new programmes and strategies to promote innovation in various sectors of the economy, create platforms and opportunities for collaboration for different stakeholders, and build an umbrella structure to oversee the innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem in the country. Read more: Government of India (2023): Atal Innovation Mission, https://aim.gov.in/ .
Make in India is the Government of India's flagship programme to facilitate investment, promote innovation, enhance skill development and build world-class manufacturing infrastructure. On 25 September 2022, eight years of landmark reforms will be completed. Read more: Ministry of Commerce & Industry (2023): ‘Make in India’ completes 8 years, annual FDI doubles to USD 83 billion, https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1861929.
The objective of "Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)" is ensuring access to various financial services like availability of basic savings bank account, access to need based credit, remittances facility, insurance and pension to the excluded sections i.e. weaker sections & low income groups. Read more: Government of India (n.y.): Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), https://pmjdy.gov.in/scheme .
Sector Skill Councils (SSCs) play a vital role in bridging the gap between what the industry demands and what the skilling requirements ought to be. Read more: NSDC (n.y): Sektor Skill Councils, https://nsdcindia.org/sector-skill-councils#About-Sector-Skill-Councils .
National Occupational Standards (NOS) specify the standard of performance (together with the knowledge and understanding) an individual must achieve when carrying out a function in the workplace. A set of NOS aligned to a job role makes a Qualification pack, available for every job role in each industry sector. These drive the creation of qualifications, curricula and assessments. Read more: NSDC (n.y.): National Occupational Standards and Model Curriculum, https://nsdcindia.org/national-occupational-standards-and-model-curriculum .
Read more: Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (2020): National Skill Development Corporation, https://www.msde.gov.in/en/organizations/nsdc .
In the pilot phase, 14 IISCs were launched, 583 candidates trained, 286 candidates certified, 63 placed overseas. Read more: Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (2022): Annual Report (2021-22), https://www.msde.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-06/Annual%20Report%202021-22%20Eng.pdf.
The initiative provides the youth with skills through training and access to paid jobs in COVID-19 recovery sectors such as retail, garment, logistics, etc. Read more: Government Outcome Labs (2023): Skill India Impact Bond, https://golab.bsg.ox.ac.uk/knowledge-bank/indigo/impact-bond-dataset-v2/INDIGO-POJ-0229/ .
Read more: Ministry of Home Affairs (2005): Annual Report (2004-05) India citing terrorism by neighbouring state Pakistan. https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/AnnualReport_04_05.pdf; Center for Preventive Action (2023): Conflict Between India and Pakistan, https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/conflict-between-india-and-pakistan . Read more: Wolf, Siegfried (2017): Pakistan and State-Sponsored Terrorism in South Asia. 10.1007/978-3-319-55690-1_5. In this research paper, findings of the author are documented that ‘’in the case of Pakistan, state-sponsored terrorism is caused by a severe defect in the country’s political-administrative system more generally and by the unhealthy civil-military relations in particular.’’
Read Press Release by IMF for an approval of a stand by arrangement (SBA) of 2,84 billion EUR to Pakistan for authorities’ economic stabilization program. Read more: International Monetary Fund (2023): IMF Executive Board Approves US$3 billion Stand-By Arrangement for Pakistan, https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/07/12/pr23261-pakistan-imf-exec-board-approves-us3bil-sba .
Under SANKALP, States/Union Territories are eligible for grants every year. Performance is assessed annually and states/Union Territories are expected to improve their performance by 15% over the previous year to be eligible for grants. Read more: SANKALP Ministry of Skills Development & Entrepreneurship (n.y.): SIG Assessment Reports, https://sankalp.msde.gov.in/#/web/resources/report_doc . The recent report on beneficiary data, uploaded by the stakeholders behind SANKLAP: SANKALP Ministry of Skills Development & Entrepreneurship (n.y.): List of candidates trained under various schemes of SANKALP, https://sankalp.msde.gov.in/#/web/resources/benefcry .
Nidhi Companies are also included in the definition of Non-Banking Finance Companies or NBFC’s, which operate mainly in the unorganized money market. Nidhis are company formed for the purpose of developing the habit of thrift and accumulation of reserves among its members and to receive deposits and extend loans to its members only for their mutual benefit. Read more: Government of India (n.y.): List of Nidhi Companies, https://www.mca.gov.in/MCA21/dca/RegulatoryRep/pdf/Nidhi_Companies.pdf